SCR整流器(qi)的結構和原理
SCR整流(liu)器是一種新型的(de)非接觸式開(kai)(kai)(kai)關設備(bei)，其(qi)(qi)組(zu)件(jian)為(wei)固(gu)態電(dian)子(zi)組(zu)件(jian)。它利用電(dian)子(zi)元件(jian)（例如開(kai)(kai)(kai)關晶(jing)體管，三端雙向可(ke)控硅開(kai)(kai)(kai)關元件(jian)和其(qi)(qi)他半導(dao)體器件(jian)）的(de)開(kai)(kai)(kai)關特(te)性，可(ke)以(yi)實現無(wu)接觸無(wu)火花斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)和斷(duan)開(kai)(kai)(kai)電(dian)路，因此被稱為(wei)“非接觸式開(kai)(kai)(kai)關”它于1970年代問(wen)世。 ，由于其(qi)(qi)具(ju)有非接觸式工(gong)作(zuo)特(te)性，因此在電(dian)子(zi)控制和計(ji)算機(ji)控制的(de)許(xu)多領域已得到越來(lai)越廣泛的(de)應用。
SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)根據使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)場合可(ke)分為(wei)(wei)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)兩種類(lei)型，它們(men)分別(bie)在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)或直(zhi)(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源負(fu)載(zai)開(kai)關(guan)(guan)中(zhong)，不(bu)能(neng)混用(yong)(yong)以(yi)下(xia)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)型SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)為(wei)(wei)例來(lai)說明其(qi)工作(zuo)原理，如圖圖1中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)（A和(he)(he)(he)(he)B）和(he)(he)(he)(he)兩個輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)端(duan)子(zi)(zi)（C和(he)(he)(he)(he)D），整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)只(zhi)有兩個輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)端(duan)子(zi)(zi)（A和(he)(he)(he)(he)B）和(he)(he)(he)(he)兩個輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)端(duan)子(zi)(zi)（C和(he)(he)(he)(he)D），它們(men)是(shi)AC整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主體(ti)。四端(duan)子(zi)(zi)設備。只(zhi)要A，B帶有一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制信(xin)(xin)號工作(zuo)，就可(ke)以(yi)控(kong)(kong)制C，D兩端(duan)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“通過”和(he)(he)(he)(he)“關(guan)(guan)”來(lai)實現“切換”功能(neng)，其(qi)中(zhong)耦(ou)合電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)是(shi)A， B側輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)控(kong)(kong)制信(xin)(xin)號在(zai)(zai)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)和(he)(he)(he)(he)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)端(duan)子(zi)(zi)之間提供通道，但(dan)使(shi)(shi)SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)和(he)(he)(he)(he)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)端(duan)子(zi)(zi)之間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣）連接(jie)斷開(kai)，以(yi)防(fang)止(zhi)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)影響(xiang)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)，耦(ou)合。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)組件(jian)為(wei)(wei)“光耦(ou)合器(qi)(qi)” ，它是(shi)敏(min)感，敏(min)感的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，高輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)/輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)絕緣（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平；因為(wei)(wei)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)負(fu)載(zai)是(shi)發(fa)(fa)光二極(ji)管，這(zhe)使(shi)(shi)得SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)很(hen)容易做到與輸(shu)入(ru)(ru)信(xin)(xin)號電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平相(xiang)匹配，在(zai)(zai)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)(zhi)接(jie)與計算機(ji)輸(shu)出(chu)(chu)接(jie)口相(xiang)連，即“ 1”和(he)(he)(he)(he)“ 0”邏輯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平控(kong)(kong)制。觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能(neng)是(shi)產生所需的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觸(chu)發(fa)(fa)信(xin)(xin)號，驅動開(kai)關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)④工作(zuo)，但(dan)是(shi)由于該開(kai)關(guan)(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)沒有特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，會(hui)產生射頻干(gan)擾和(he)(he)(he)(he)高次諧波(bo)或尖峰污(wu)(wu)染電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網，因此這(zhe)種特殊的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“零交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉控(kong)(kong)制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)” 。 “零交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉”是(shi)指當添(tian)加控(kong)(kong)制信(xin)(xin)號且交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓為(wei)(wei)零時，SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)開(kai)啟；當控(kong)(kong)制信(xin)(xin)號關(guan)(guan)閉(bi)時，SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)等待交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正一半(ban)(ban)與負(fu)一半(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)點(dian)（零電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢），SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)處于關(guan)(guan)閉(bi)狀態。這(zhe)種設計可(ke)以(yi)防(fang)止(zhi)高次諧波(bo)干(gan)擾和(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網污(wu)(wu)染。吸(xi)收電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)旨在(zai)(zai)防(fang)止(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尖峰和(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)涌（電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓）對開(kai)關(guan)(guan)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)端(duan)雙向(xiang)可(ke)控(kong)(kong)硅開(kai)關(guan)(guan)元件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊和(he)(he)(he)(he)干(gan)擾（甚至是(shi)故(gu)障）的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)生。通常，“ RC”串聯(lian)吸(xi)收器(qi)(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)線性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻（壓敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻）。
DC型SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)與AC型SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)相(xiang)比，無(wu)過零控制電(dian)(dian)路(lu)，不必(bi)設(she)置吸收電(dian)(dian)路(lu)，開(kai)關器(qi)(qi)件一般(ban)采用(yong)大功率開(kai)關晶(jing)體(ti)管，其他工(gong)作(zuo)原(yuan)理相(xiang)同。但是，應(ying)在注(zhu)釋中使用(yong)直流(liu)可控硅整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)：①對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)感性負載(zai)，例如直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)磁閥或電(dian)(dian)磁體(ti)，應(ying)在二(er)極(ji)管兩端并聯連接，極(ji)性如圖3所示，二(er)極(ji)管電(dian)(dian)流(liu)應(ying)等(deng)于(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，電(dian)(dian)壓應(ying)大于(yu)工(gong)作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)壓的4倍。 ②SCR整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)(qi)應(ying)盡量靠近負載(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)，輸出(chu)引線應(ying)滿足負載(zai)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)需求。 ③使用(yong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)是通(tong)過交(jiao)流(liu)降(jiang)壓整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)收益，濾波電(dian)(dian)解電(dian)(dian)容應(ying)足夠(gou)大。
在為(wei)設備選擇SCR整流器(qi)(qi)之前，必(bi)須首先確定要(yao)耗散的(de)(de)電(dian)子元件(jian)，清(qing)除其工作參數，工作條件(jian)，尺(chi)寸，安裝方(fang)式，選擇電(dian)子SCR整流器(qi)(qi)底部的(de)(de)尺(chi)寸要(yao)比元件(jian)的(de)(de)安裝表(biao)面稍大(da)，由于安裝空間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)限制(zhi)，SCR整流器(qi)(qi)主要(yao)依靠空氣(qi)對(dui)流來加熱，超出了(le)與SCR整流器(qi)(qi)組件(jian)的(de)(de)接口(kou)，冷卻效(xiao)果隨著組件(jian)之間(jian)(jian)距離的(de)(de)增加而(er)減小(xiao)。對(dui)于單肋SCR整流器(qi)(qi)，如果表(biao)中缺少所需(xu)的(de)(de)SCR整流器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)寬(kuan)度，請選擇截止寬(kuan)度為(wei)SCR整流器(qi)(qi)兩倍或三倍的(de)(de)寬(kuan)度。
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