水電解制氫
水(shui)電(dian)(dian)解制氫是指水(shui)分子在直流電(dian)(dian)作用下被解離生成氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)和(he)氫氣(qi)(qi),分別從(cong)電(dian)(dian)解槽陽極和(he)陰極析出(chu)。根據電(dian)(dian)解槽隔膜材料的不同,通常將水(shui)電(dian)(dian)解制氫分為堿性水(shui)電(dian)(dian)解(AE)、(PEM)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)解以及高(gao)溫固體氧(yang)化物(wu)水(shui)電(dian)(dian)解(SOEC)。
▊2.1堿性(xing)水電解制氫
堿性水(shui)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)制氫(qing)(qing)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)槽(cao)(cao)隔(ge)膜(mo)主(zhu)要(yao)由石棉組成,起分離氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)的作(zuo)用(yong)。陰極、陽極主(zhu)要(yao)由金屬合金組成,如Ni-Mo合金等,分解(jie)水(shui)產(chan)生氫(qing)(qing)氣(qi)(qi)和氧氣(qi)(qi)。工業上堿性水(shui)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)槽(cao)(cao)的電(dian)(dian)解(jie)液通常采用(yong)KOH溶液,質量(liang)分數(shu)20%~30%,電(dian)(dian)解(jie)槽(cao)(cao)操(cao)作(zuo)溫度(du)70~80℃,工作(zuo)電(dian)(dian)流密度(du)約0.25 A/cm2,產(chan)生氣(qi)(qi)體(ti)壓力0.1~3.0 MPa,總體(ti)效率(lv)62%~82%。堿性水(shui)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)制氫(qing)(qing)技術成熟,投資、運行成本低,但(dan)存在堿液流失(shi)、腐蝕、能耗高等問(wen)題。水(shui)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)槽(cao)(cao)制氫(qing)(qing)設備開(kai)發是國內(nei)外堿性水(shui)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)制氫(qing)(qing)研究熱點。
▊2.2PEM 水電(dian)解制氫
區(qu)別于(yu)堿性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)水電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)制氫(qing),PEM水電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)制氫(qing)選用具(ju)有(you)良(liang)好(hao)化學(xue)穩定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、質(zhi)子(zi)傳導性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、氣體分離性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的全(quan)氟磺(huang)酸質(zhi)子(zi)交換(huan)膜作為固體電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)質(zhi)替代石棉(mian)膜,能有(you)效阻止電(dian)子(zi)傳遞,提(ti)高電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)安全(quan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。PEM水電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)主(zhu)要部件(jian)由(you)內到外依次是質(zhi)子(zi)交換(huan)膜、陰陽極(ji)催化層(ceng)、陰陽極(ji)氣體擴散層(ceng)、陰陽極(ji)端板等(圖1)。其中擴散層(ceng)、催化層(ceng)與(yu)質(zhi)子(zi)交換(huan)膜組成膜電(dian)極(ji),是整個水電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)物料(liao)傳輸以及電(dian)化學(xue)反應的主(zhu)場所,膜電(dian)極(ji)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)結構直接影響(xiang)PEM水電(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)槽(cao)(cao)(cao)的性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能和壽(shou)命(ming)。
與AE制(zhi)(zhi)氫(qing)相比,PEM水電(dian)解(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)氫(qing)工作電(dian)流(liu)密度更(geng)(geng)高(gao)(?1 A/cm2),總體效(xiao)率更(geng)(geng)高(gao)(74%~87%),氫(qing)氣體積分數更(geng)(geng)高(gao)(>99.99%),產氣壓(ya)力更(geng)(geng)高(gao)(3~4 MPa),動(dong)態(tai)響應(ying)速(su)度更(geng)(geng)快[6](表2),能(neng)適應(ying)可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)發(fa)電(dian)的波動(dong)性,被認為是極(ji)具發(fa)展前景的水電(dian)解(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)氫(qing)技(ji)術(shu)。目前PEM水電(dian)解(jie)制(zhi)(zhi)氫(qing)技(ji)術(shu)已在加氫(qing)站現場制(zhi)(zhi)氫(qing)、風電(dian)等可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)電(dian)解(jie)水制(zhi)(zhi)氫(qing)、儲能(neng)等領域得到示范應(ying)用并逐步(bu)推廣。
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