有色金屬是指鐵、鉻、錳三種金屬以外的所有金屬,有色金屬中的銅是人類最早使用的金屬材料之一。從銅礦中開采出來的銅礦石，經過選礦成為含銅品位較高的銅精礦或者說是銅礦砂，銅精礦需要經過冶煉提成,才能成為精銅及銅制品。現代有色金屬及其合金已成為機械制造業、建筑業、電子工業、航空航天、核能利用等領域不可缺少的結構材料和功能材料。
今天就帶大家(jia)來了解一(yi)下我們銅是(shi)怎(zen)樣冶煉(lian)出(chu)來的：
從銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)中開采出來的(de)銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)石，經(jing)過選礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)成為(wei)含(han)銅(tong)(tong)品(pin)位較高(gao)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)精(jing)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)或者(zhe)說是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)砂，銅(tong)(tong)精(jing)礦(kuang)(kuang)(kuang)需要(yao)經(jing)過冶(ye)煉提(ti)成,才能(neng)成為(wei)精(jing)銅(tong)(tong)及(ji)銅(tong)(tong)制品(pin)。
A．電解銅與精銅
工業上(shang)使用的銅(tong)有電(dian)解銅(tong)(含(han)銅(tong)99.9%～99.95%)和(he)精銅(tong)(含(han)銅(tong)99.0%～99.7%)兩種(zhong)(zhong)。前者用于電(dian)器工業上(shang)，用于制(zhi)造(zao)特種(zhong)(zhong)合金、金屬絲及電(dian)線。后者用于制(zhi)造(zao)其(qi)他合金、銅(tong)管、銅(tong)板、軸等。
B．銅的冶煉工藝
銅(tong)冶(ye)金技(ji)術(shu)的(de)發展經歷了(le)漫長的(de)過程，但至今(jin)銅(tong)的(de)冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)仍以火法(fa)治煉(lian)(lian)為主，其產(chan)量約(yue)占世界(jie)銅(tong)產(chan)量的(de)85%，現代濕法(fa)冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)正在逐步推廣，濕法(fa)冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)的(de)推出使銅(tong)的(de)冶(ye)煉(lian)(lian)成本大大降低。
下面(mian)我們(men)具體了(le)解一下火法冶煉(lian)(lian)與濕法冶煉(lian)(lian)(SX－EX)兩種(zhong)煉(lian)(lian)銅方式。
a.火法煉銅:
通過熔融冶(ye)煉(lian)和(he)(he)電解(jie)(jie)精(jing)火(huo)煉(lian)生(sheng)產出(chu)(chu)陰極(ji)(ji)銅，也即(ji)電解(jie)(jie)銅，一(yi)般適(shi)于高(gao)品位(wei)的(de)(de)硫(liu)化(hua)銅礦(kuang)(kuang)。火(huo)法冶(ye)煉(lian)一(yi)般是先將含銅百分之幾或千分之幾的(de)(de)原礦(kuang)(kuang)石，通過選礦(kuang)(kuang)提高(gao)到20－30%，作為銅精(jing)礦(kuang)(kuang)，在(zai)(zai)密(mi)閉鼓風爐、反(fan)射(she)爐、電爐或閃速爐進行(xing)造锍(liu)熔煉(lian)，產出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)熔锍(liu)(冰銅)接著送(song)入轉爐進行(xing)吹煉(lian)成(cheng)粗銅，再在(zai)(zai)另一(yi)種反(fan)射(she)爐內經過氧化(hua)精(jing)煉(lian)脫(tuo)雜，或鑄成(cheng)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)板進行(xing)電解(jie)(jie)，獲得品位(wei)高(gao)達(da)99.9%的(de)(de)電解(jie)(jie)銅。該(gai)流(liu)程簡短(duan)、適(shi)應性強，銅的(de)(de)回收率(lv)可達(da)95%，但因礦(kuang)(kuang)石中的(de)(de)硫(liu)在(zai)(zai)造锍(liu)和(he)(he)吹煉(lian)兩階段作為二氧化(hua)硫(liu)廢氣排出(chu)(chu)，不(bu)易回收，易造成(cheng)污(wu)染。近年來出(chu)(chu)現如(ru)白銀法、諾蘭達(da)法等熔池熔煉(lian)以及日本(ben)的(de)(de)三菱(ling)法等、火(huo)法冶(ye)煉(lian)逐漸向連(lian)續化(hua)、自(zi)動化(hua)發展(zhan)。
除了銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)精(jing)礦(kuang)之外(wai)，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)是精(jing)煉銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)主要原料(liao)，包(bao)括(kuo)舊(jiu)(jiu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)新廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，舊(jiu)(jiu)廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)來(lai)自舊(jiu)(jiu)設備和(he)(he)舊(jiu)(jiu)機器，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)棄(qi)的(de)(de)樓房和(he)(he)地(di)下(xia)管道；新廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)來(lai)自加工廠(chang)棄(qi)掉的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)屑(xie)（銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材的(de)(de)產出比約(yue)為(wei)50%），一般廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)供應較穩定，廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)可以(yi)分為(wei)：裸雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（品位(wei)在90%以(yi)上）；黃(huang)雜銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(電線)；含銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)物(wu)料(liao)(舊(jiu)(jiu)馬達、電路(lu)板(ban))；由廢(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)(he)其他類似材料(liao)生產出的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，也(ye)稱為(wei)再生銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。
b.濕法煉銅:
一船(chuan)適(shi)于(yu)低品(pin)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)氧化銅(tong)(tong)，生產(chan)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)(de)精銅(tong)(tong)為電(dian)積銅(tong)(tong)。 現(xian)代濕(shi)法(fa)冶煉(lian)有硫酸化焙燒－浸(jin)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)－電(dian)積，浸(jin)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)－萃取－電(dian)積，細菌浸(jin)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)等法(fa)，適(shi)于(yu)低品(pin)位(wei)復雜礦(kuang)、氧化銅(tong)(tong)礦(kuang)、含(han)銅(tong)(tong)廢礦(kuang)石(shi)的(de)(de)(de)堆浸(jin)、槽浸(jin)選用或就(jiu)地浸(jin)出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)。濕(shi)法(fa)冶煉(lian)技術正在逐(zhu)步推廣，預計本(ben)世紀末可達總產(chan)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)20%，濕(shi)法(fa)冶煉(lian)的(de)(de)(de)推出(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)使銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)冶煉(lian)成本(ben)大(da)大(da)降低。
其工(gong)藝流程圖如下(xia)：其中銅的(de)(de)(de)萃取（銅從水(shui)層(ceng)進人有機層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)過程）和反萃取（銅從有機層(ceng)進人水(shui)層(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)過程）是現代濕法煉銅的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要工(gong)藝手段。
其(qi)中電解(jie)環節不可或(huo)缺(que)的設(she)備之一就是(shi)電解(jie)整(zheng)流設(she)備了，而英特(te)利在有色金屬行(xing)(xing)業一直都走在前沿， 為國(guo)內外有色金屬行(xing)(xing)業提供過很多大功率整(zheng)流器，如(ru)：20kA 715V 100T/D電解(jie)鋅總(zong)包(bao)出口項目(mu), 20kA 248V，40kA 230V,18kA 30V,26KA 30V,12500A 450V SCR,50000A 170V,22000A/140V 等等，并與(yu)多家(jia)世界500強(qiang)企業合(he)作建立了長(chang)期合(he)作。
注：部(bu)分(fen)章節摘(zhai)自金屬(shu)百科。
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